Phototherapy on Management of Creatine Kinase Activity in General Versus Localized Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The main focus of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of phototherapy in the management of creatine kinase (CK) activity after exercise and furthermore to identify for which exercise model protocol phototherapy provides the best results. DESIGN: Meta-analysis comparing phototherapy with a control condition. SETTING: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and CENTRAL databases were searched from their earliest records to October 03, 2016. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy subjects (no restrictions were applied, eg, age, sex, and exercise level). INTERVENTION: Phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and/or light-emitting diode therapy) before or after exercise and a placebo or control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Creatine kinase activity (no restriction to any analysis, eg, serum, plasma, or capillary blood). RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included for review. The results revealed that phototherapy has a more positive effect than control condition in management of CK activity [SMD = 0.77, 95% CI (0.32 to 1.22); P = 0.0007; I = 72%]. In exploratory analysis, the results showed that phototherapy was effective only in the exercise protocol with localized exercise with large effect size [localized exercise: SMD = 0.89, 95% CI (0.26 to 1.51); P = 0.0002; I = 76%; general exercise: SMD = 0.61, 95% CI (-0.05 to 1.26); P = 0.07; I = 67%]. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggest that phototherapy has beneficial effects on the management of CK activity and demonstrate a possible relationship based on damage caused by exercise, providing a greater effect in studies that used localized exercise.

Periodized Aerobic Interval Training Modifies Geometric Indices of Heart Rate Variability in Metabolic Syndrome.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) influences the autonomic modulation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events, which demands the identification of effective treatments for this population. Considering this, the study has the objective of evaluating the effects of periodized aerobic interval training (AIT) on geometrical methods of heart rate variability (HRV) on individuals with MetS. Methods: 52 individuals with MetS were considered for analysis. They were divided into two groups: aerobic interval training group (AITG; n = 26) and control group (CG; n = 26). The AITG performed 16 weeks of periodized AIT. For HRV analysis, the heart rate was recorded beat-by-beat at the beginning and the end of the AIT program and geometrical methods were used for analysis. Results: significant increase was observed for triangular index (RRtri, -1.25 ± 0.58 vs. 1.41 ± 0.57), standard deviation of distances from diagonal to points (SD1, -0.13 ± 1.52 vs. 4.34 ± 1.49), and standard deviation of distances from points to lines (SD2, -2.14 ± 3.59 vs. 11.23 ± 3.52) on AITG compared to CG. Significant differences were not observed for triangular interpolation of normal heartbeats interval histogram (TINN, -4.05 ± 17.38 vs. 25.52 ± 17.03) and SD1/SD2 ratio (0.03 ± 0.02 vs. 0.00 ± 0.02). Qualitative analysis of the Poincaré plot identified increase on dispersion of both short and long-term intervals between successive heartbeats (RR interval) on AITG after the AIT program. Conclusion: geometric indices of HRV suggest an increase in cardiac autonomic modulation in individuals with MetS after 16 weeks of periodized AIT.

Effects of a new approach of aerobic interval training on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters of metabolic syndrome subjects

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of 16 weeks of periodized aerobic interval training (AIT) on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters of metabolic syndrome (Mets) individuals. Subjects and methods: The sample was composed of 52 subjects with a diagnosis of Mets, allocated into two groups: AIT (AITG; n = 26) and control (CG; n = 26). The AITG was submitted to a periodized AIT program, over 16 weeks, while CG was not submitted to any training program. To evaluate the autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters in both groups, heart rate variability (HRV) indices, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at the beginning and end of the training. Results: Statistically significant differences were not observed in HFms2 (high frequency in milisseconds), LFnu (low frequency in normality unit), HFnu (high frequency in normality unit), and LF/HF ratio indices, or in the cardiovascular parameters BP and HR when comparing the AITG with the CG. However, significant increases in rMSSD (root-means square differences of successive R-R intervals), LFms2 (low frequency in milliseconds), and SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal intervals) were observed in the AITG. Conclusion: Periodized AIT promoted positive effects on autonomic modulation of Mets subjects, characterized by an increase in the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and global modulation of this population. Additionally, cardiovascular parameter alterations were not observed in Mets subjects submitted to periodized AIT.

Effects of a new approach of aerobic interval training on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters of metabolic syndrome subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of 16 weeks of periodized aerobic interval training (AIT) on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters of metabolic syndrome (Mets) individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of 52 subjects with a diagnosis of Mets, allocated into two groups: AIT (AITG; n = 26) and control (CG; n = 26). The AITG was submitted to a periodized AIT program, over 16 weeks, while CG was not submitted to any training program. To evaluate the autonomic modulation and cardiovascular parameters in both groups, heart rate variability (HRV) indices, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at the beginning and end of the training. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were not observed in HFms2 (high frequency in milisseconds), LFnu (low frequency in normality unit), HFnu (high frequency in normality unit), and LF/HF ratio indices, or in the cardiovascular parameters BP and HR when comparing the AITG with the CG. However, significant increases in rMSSD (root-means square differences of successive R-R intervals), LFms2 (low frequency in milliseconds), and SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal intervals) were observed in the AITG. CONCLUSION: Periodized AIT promoted positive effects on autonomic modulation of Mets subjects, characterized by an increase in the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and global modulation of this population. Additionally, cardiovascular parameter alterations were not observed in Mets subjects submitted to periodized AIT.

A New Mathematical Approach to Explore the Post-exercise Recovery Process and Its Applicability in a Cold Water Immersion Protocol.

Micheletti, JK, Vanderlei, FM, Machado, AF, de Almeida, AC, Nakamura, FY, Netto Junior, J, and Pastre, CM. A new mathematical approach to explore the post-exercise recovery process and its applicability in a cold water immersion protocol. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1266-1275, 2019-The objective of this study was to propose a mathematical model to analyze the post-training recovery of perceptive, functional, metabolic, and autonomic parameters from the use of cold water immersion (CWI) through isolated and combined analysis. Following simulated training, 64 male soccer players were randomized into an experimental group (EG: CWI, 13 ± 1° C; 15 minutes) and a control group (CG: passive recovery; 15 minutes). Perceptive (soreness and perception of recovery), autonomic (heart rate variability [HRV]), metabolic (lactate concentration), and functional parameters (squat jump, T agility test, sprint test, 40-second test, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction) were analyzed before and at specific moments after training (without exceeding 2 hours after training). The variables were analyzed using the raw data, dichotomization of each variable (isolated analysis), and through a mathematical model using the combination of all parameters analyzed (combined analysis). The combined analysis did not demonstrate better efficacy of the EG compared with the CG (69.17 and 63.4%, p = 0.09). In the isolated analysis, a chance of the technique being better was observed in the metabolic parameter at 1 and 2 hours after training (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval = 3.75 [1.01-13.88] and 11.11 [1.25-98.49]), respectively, and in the autonomic parameter at 40-45 minutes after training (4.4 [1.09-17.67]). For the raw data, all parameters analyzed presented recovery by 2 hours after training for both groups. Based on the proposed mathematical model, it is concluded that CWI is not better than the control condition. However, considering the analysis of variables in isolation, the technique presents a better chance of recovery for blood lactate concentration and HRV.

Lesões musculares em atletas do sexo masculino atendidos no Centro de Estudos e Atendimento em Fisioterapia de Presidente Prudente - SP / Muscle injuries in male athletes at the Center of Studies and Physiotherapy Services of Presidente Prudente - SP / Lesiones musculares en atletas de sexo masculino atendidos en el Centro de Estudios y Atención en Fisioterapia de Presidente Prudente - SP

Resumo Objetivou-se caracterizar e determinar a frequência de lesões musculares (LM) de atletas atendidos em uma clínica universitária de fisioterapia. Foram feitas análises de prontuários e caracterizaram-se dados antropométricos, locais anatômicos, tratamentos usados, dentre outros. Foram identificados 47 casos de LM, distribuídas em grau I (n = 13) e grau II (n = 34). O segmento coxa foi o local anatômico mais acometido com 63,1% (p < 0,05) e 85,7% (p < 0,01) para modalidades coletivas e individuais, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 75% dos casos apresentaram alta por retorno ao esporte, onde observa-se terapias convencional (95,7%) e manual (70,2) os tratamentos mais frequentes. Conclui-se que LM acometem predominantemente o segmento coxa posterior, independentemente da modalidade esportiva e os tratamentos usados demonstraram-se efetivos no retorno ao esporte.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize and determine the frequency of muscle injuries (MI) in athletes assisted in a university service center in physical therapy. Analysis of medical records were made, characterizing anthropometric data, anatomic spots, treatments, among others. Forty-seven cases were identified, distributed in grade I (n=13) and grade II (n=34). The thigh segment was the anatomic spot with the higher prevalence, with 63.1% (p<0.05) and 85.7% (p<0.01) for collective and individual sports, respectively. The rate of return to sports was about 75%, in which conventional therapies (95,7%) and manual (70.2%) were the most common treatments. Thus, we conclude that MI predominantly affects the anatomical thigh segment, regardless of the sport, and that physiotherapy interventions used were effective to return to sports.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue definir y determinar la frecuencia de las lesiones musculares (LM) de atletas atendidos en una clínica universitaria de fisioterapia. Se realizó un análisis de los registros, definición de datos antropométricos, espacios anatómicos y tratamientos utilizados, entre otros. Se identificaron 47 casos de LM, distribuidas en grado I (n = 13) y grado II (n = 34). El segmento del muslo fue el espacio anatómico más afectado con el 63,1% (p <0,05) y el 85,7% (p <0,01) en el caso de deportes colectivos e individuales, respectivamente. Hubo un 74,46% de altas para la vuelta a la práctica deportiva y se encontró que los tratamientos más frecuentes fueron las terapias convencionales (95,7%) y manuales (70,2%). Se concluye que las lesiones musculares afectan predominantemente al muslo, independientemente del tipo de deporte, y que los tratamientos utilizados fueron efectivos para la vuelta a la práctica deportiva.

Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light-emitting diodes (LEDT) applied during combined training on performance and post-exercise recovery: protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown positive results of phototherapy for improving performance and accelerating recovery; however, the effects of phototherapy during training and after a primary adaptation remain unclear. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to analyze the effects of phototherapy and combined training on clinical, functional, and psychological outcomes and on vascular endothelial growth factor. METHODS: This randomized placebo-controlled trial by stratified sample will involve 45 healthy male participants. In phase 1, the participants will undergo six weeks of combined training (sprints and squats). In phase 2, participants will be allocated through stratified randomization (based on adaptation capacity) into three groups: active phototherapy group (AG), placebo group (PG), and non-treatment control group (CG). A new six-week training program will then start and the participants will receive the recovery strategy between sprints and squats. The primary outcome will be maximal isometric contraction. The secondary outcomes include strength and power testing, maximal incremental test, squat jump, sprint test, muscle soreness, pain threshold, perceptions of exertion and recovery, psychological questionnaire, and vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSIONS: This will be the first trial to include phototherapy during training. We believe that this strategy will combine the ergogenic and prophylactic effects in the same session. Furthermore, an application protocol performed after primary adaptation may reflect the real effect of the technique.

Effects of functional resistance training on muscle strength and musculoskeletal discomfort / Efeitos do treinamento resistido funcional na força muscular e desconforto musculoesquelético

Abstract Introduction: Functional resistance training (FRT) is becoming increasingly popular to improve physical fitness of practitioners, however, yet there are gaps in knowledge about effectiveness of FRT in relation conventional resistance training (CRT) in several ambits, as musculoskeletal complaints. Objective: Compare the effect of FRT and CRT in the musculoskeletal discomfort and magnitude of gain in muscle strength in healthy women. Methods: 52 women was divided into three groups, FRT (n = 15; 22 ± 2.35 years): functional resistance training; CRT (n = 14; 22.5 ± 1.78 years): conventional resistance training and CG (n = 13; 20.6 ± 1.10 years): no type of intervention. The training was periodized in 30 sessions over 12 weeks with 3 sessions per week. For the muscle strength variable used the 1RM test and for the musculoskeletal discomfort variable, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Regarding the statistical analysis, all results took into consideration a 5% level of significance. Results: Considerable gain in muscle strength was observed for all exercises in both training groups. In addition, there was a tendency in CRT to relate a more musculoskeletal discomfort; presented 27.3% more complaints compared FRT in the MNQ. Conclusion: The FRT was as effective as the CRT for improving muscle strength, furthermore, there was a tendency for FRT to cause less musculoskeletal discomfort.

Resumo Introdução: O treinamento resistido funcional (TRF) está se tornando cada vez mais popular para melhorar a aptidão física dos praticantes, entretanto, ainda não está totalmente esclarecido sobre a eficácia do TRF em relação ao treinamento resistido convencional (TRC) em diversos âmbitos, como queixas de desconforto osteomuscular. Objetivo: Comparar o TRF e TRC nas queixas de desconforto osteomuscular e na magnitude de ganho de força muscular em mulheres saudáveis. Métodos: O estudo foi composto por 52 mulheres divididas em três grupos: TRF (n = 15; 22 ± 2.35 anos): treinamento resistido funcional, TRC (n = 14; 22.5 ± 1.78 anos): treinamento resistido convencional e GC (n = 13; 20.6 ± 1.10 anos): nenhum tipo de intervenção. O treinamento foi periodizado em 30 sessões durante 12 semanas com três sessões semanais. Para a variável força muscular utilizou-se o teste de 1RM e para as queixas osteomusculares, o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares (QNSO). Em relação a análise estatística, todos os resultados levaram em consideração o nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: Notou-se ganho considerável de força muscular para todos os exercícios em ambos os grupos de treinamento. Além disso, observou-se uma tendência no TRC a relatar um maior número de queixas osteomusculares, apresentando 27,3% mais queixas comparadas ao TRF no QNSO. Conclusão: O TRF foi tão eficaz quanto o TRC para melhorar a força muscular, e, ainda, houve uma tendência de que o TRF provoque menores quantidades de desconfortos osteomusculares.

Analysis of recall bias of information on soccer injuries in adolescents

Abstract Aims: to analyze the recall bias of injury characteristics, anthropometric variables, and training variables in a morbidity survey in adolescent soccer players for a period of four months. Method: cohort study with 198 adolescent male soccer players, divided into two parts: a prospective study over four months, followed by a retrospective study. A morbidity survey containing personal and training data, in addition to information on injuries and their characteristics (anatomical site, mechanism, nature, moment, severity, return to activities and recurrence) was administered weekly for four months, after which the questionnaire was applied again questioning the same information retrospectively for the four-month prospective study period. The data were collected through interviews addressing the occurrence of injuries and respective characteristics. Results: there were weak correlations and concordances for the recall of the occurrence of injury and all related variables. However, regarding the information relating to personal and training data, moderate correlations were observed for the variables height, time of training, weekly hours, absences, and position, as well as excellent correlations for body mass. Conclusions: we observed recall bias in all information about the characteristics of the injuries reported by adolescent soccer players.

Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cold water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in post-exercise recovery. However, the procedures involved in the technique may vary, particularly in terms of water temperature and immersion time, and the most effective approach remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of CWI in muscle soreness management compared with passive recovery. We also aimed to identify which water temperature and immersion time provides the best results. METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro [Physiotherapy Evidence Database], and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were searched up to January 2015. Only randomized controlled trials that compared CWI to passive recovery were included in this review. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Nine studies were included for review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that CWI has a more positive effect than passive recovery in terms of immediate (MD = 0.290, 95% CI 0.037, 0.543; p = 0.025) and delayed effects (MD = 0.315, 95% CI 0.048, 0.581; p = 0.021). Water temperature of between 10 and 15 °C demonstrated the best results for immediate (MD = 0.273, 95% CI 0.107, 0.440; p = 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95% CI 0.102, 0.532; p = 0.004). In terms of immersion time, immersion of between 10 and 15 min had the best results for immediate (MD = 0.227, 95% 0.139, 0.314; p < 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95% 0.102, 0.532, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that CWI can be slightly better than passive recovery in the management of muscle soreness. The results also demonstrated the presence of a dose-response relationship, indicating that CWI with a water temperature of between 11 and 15 °C and an immersion time of 11-15 min can provide the best results.

Impact of functional training on cardiac autonomic modulation, cardiopulmonary parameters and quality of life in healthy women.

Functional training (FT) promotes benefits in various physical abilities; however, its effect on autonomic modulation, cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life in the healthy adult population is unknown, and thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of  FT on these variables in healthy young women. The study consisted of 29 women, distributed into two groups: the FT Group (FTG; n = 13; 23 ± 2·51 years; 21·90 ± 2·82 kg m(-) ²) and the Control Group (CG; n = 16; 20·56 ± 1·03 years; 22·12 ± 3·86 kg m(-) ²). The FTG performed periodized FT for 12 weeks, three times a week. The following were evaluated: autonomic modulation (heart rate variability), cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life (SF-36 Questionnaire). The Student's t-test for unpaired data or the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences obtained between the final moment and the initial moment of the studied groups (P<0·05). The FTG demonstrated significant improvements in quality of life and autonomic modulation (P<0·05), but not in the cardiorespiratory parameters. Functional training was able to produce improvements in autonomic modulation and quality of life.

Resposta aguda de variáveis clínicas e funcionais em exercício máximo de contração concêntrica versus excêntrica / Acute response of clinical and functional variables in maximal exercise from contraction concentric versus eccentric / Respuesta aguda de las variables clínicas y funcionales de la contracción concéntrica máxima de ejercicio en comparación con excéntrica

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar as respostas agudas de variáveis clínicas e funcionais, após uma sessão de exercício de força máxima de contração concêntrica versus excêntrica. Foram avaliados 46 indivíduos do sexo masculino, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, conforme o tipo de exercício. Na comparação entre os grupos não houve diferenças significativas. Porém, na análise de cada grupo observou-se aumento da sensação de dor (EVA) e da percepção de esforço (escala de Borg) e incrementos nas medidas da circunferência da coxa (grupo excêntrico: 10% [p<0,001], 20% [p<0,001] e 30% [p<0,05]; grupo concêntrico: 40% [p<0,01]). Para o algômetro, apenas o grupo concêntrico apresentou menor limiar (p<0,01). Pode-se inferir que estímulos controlados até 100% não são agressivos e limitantes e futuros estudos podem incluir análises de marcadores de lesão.

The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the acute responses of clinical and functional variables after a maximum force exercise of eccentric versus concentric contraction. We evaluated 46 male subjects were randomly divided into two groups according to the type of exercise. Comparing the groups no significant differences, but the analysis of each group, there was an increased sensation of pain (VAS), perceived exertion (Borg scale) and increases in measures of thigh circumference (eccentric group: 10% (p<0.001) 20% (p<0.001) 30% (p<0.05) and concentric to the group: measured with 40% p<0.01) for the algometer, only concentric group showed lower threshold (p<0.01). It can be inferred that stimuli controlled up to 100% are not aggressive and limiting, and future studies may include analysis of injury markers.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar y comparar las respuestas agudas de las variables clínica y funcional después de un ejercicio de fuerza máxima de contracción excéntrica frente concéntrica. Se evaluaron 46 sujetos masculinos, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos, de acuerdo con el tipo de ejercicio. La comparación de los grupos no hubo diferencias significativas, pero el análisis de cada grupo, se produjo un aumento de la sensación de dolor (VAS), el esfuerzo percibido (escala de Borg) y el aumento de las medidas de la circunferencia del muslo (grupo excéntrico: 10% (p<0,001) 20% (p<0,001) 30% (p<0,05) y concéntrico con el grupo: medido con 40% p<0,01) para algómetro, sólo el grupo concéntrico tuvo umbral inferior (p<0,01). Se puede inferir que los estímulos controlados hasta el 100% no son agresivos y limitante, y los estudios futuros pueden incluir análisis de marcadores de lesión.

Characteristics and associated factors with sports injuries among children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of sports injuries. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the sports injuries and verify the associated factors with injuries in children and adolescents. METHOD: Retrospective, epidemiological study. One thousand three hundred and eleven children and adolescents up to 18 years of age enrolled in a sports initiation school in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A reported condition inquiry in interview form was used to obtain personal data and information on training and sports injuries in the last 12 months. Injury was considered any physical complaint resulting from training and/or competition that limited the participation of the individual for at least one day, regardless of the need for medical care. RESULTS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was 1.20 among the children and 1.30 among the adolescents. Age, anthropometric data, and training characteristics only differed with regard to the presence or absence of injuries among the adolescents. The most commonly reported characteristics involving injuries in both the children and adolescents were the lower limbs, training, non-contact mechanism, mild injury, asymptomatic return to activities, and absence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was similar among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, some peculiarities among adolescents were observed with greater values for weight, height, duration of training, and weekly hours of practice. .

Characteristics and associated factors with sports injuries among children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of sports injuries. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the sports injuries and verify the associated factors with injuries in children and adolescents. METHOD: Retrospective, epidemiological study. One thousand three hundred and eleven children and adolescents up to 18 years of age enrolled in a sports initiation school in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A reported condition inquiry in interview form was used to obtain personal data and information on training and sports injuries in the last 12 months. Injury was considered any physical complaint resulting from training and/or competition that limited the participation of the individual for at least one day, regardless of the need for medical care. RESULTS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was 1.20 among the children and 1.30 among the adolescents. Age, anthropometric data, and training characteristics only differed with regard to the presence or absence of injuries among the adolescents. The most commonly reported characteristics involving injuries in both the children and adolescents were the lower limbs, training, non-contact mechanism, mild injury, asymptomatic return to activities, and absence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was similar among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, some peculiarities among adolescents were observed with greater values for weight, height, duration of training, and weekly hours of practice.

Sports injuries and their risk factors in adolescents who practice swimming

INTRODUCTION: swimming is a popular sport among adolescents; however, your practice can lead to injuries. OBJECTIVES: to characterize the sport injuries and associate them with risk factors in teenage swimmers from different levels of competitiveness. METHODS: 251 swimmers were interviewed, it an average age of 12.43±2.10, both sexes, recruited randomly and they were classified into three competitive levels: initiation, development, and training category. It was used the morbidity survey adapted to the characteristics of swimming as collection instrument containing personal and training of volunteers data, as age, anthropometric variables and training variables and information relating to injuries sustained during a period of 12 months. All findings were described at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: It was verified that there is an association between the presence and absence of injury with the variable height and variable time. The causal mechanism most common was the non-contact mechanism for the categories of initiation and training. The most affected anatomical site was the lower limb and upper limb for all competitive levels. The mild severity, the training time and the absence of recurrence predominated. The asymptomatic return was more frequent for initiation, whereas the symptomatic return prevailed in the training category. CONCLUSION: the injury rate in teenage swimmers was low. The variables height and training time were associated with the occurrence of injuries. The characteristics of the injuries depended on the competitive level of the swimmers...(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: a natação é uma modalidade popular entre os adolescentes, no entanto, sua prática pode conduzir às lesões. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar as lesões desportivas e associá-las com fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação de diferentes níveis de competitividade. MÉTODO: foram entrevistados 251 nadadores, com média de idade de 12,43±2,10 anos, ambos os sexos, recrutados ao acaso, classificadas em três níveis competitivos: categoria de iniciação, aperfeiçoamento e treinamento. Foi utilizado o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da natação como instrumento de coleta que continha informações pessoais e de treinamento dos voluntários, como: idade, variáveis antropométricas e variáveis de treinamento e informações referentes às lesões ocorridas durante 12 meses. Todas as conclusões foram descritas no nível de 5% de significância. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas 0,11 lesões por atleta e 1,03 lesões por atleta lesionado. Foi constatada associação entre presença e ausência de lesão com a variável estatura e tempo de treinamento. O mecanismo causal mais frequente foi o sem contato para as categorias de iniciação e treinamento. Os locais anatômicos mais acometidos foram os MMII e MMSS para todos os níveis de competitividade, assim como a gravidade leve, o treinamento e a ausência de recidiva predominaram. O retorno assintomático foi mais frequente para a iniciação, enquanto que o retorno sintomático prevaleceu na categoria de treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: a taxa de lesão nos adolescentes nadadores foi baixa. As variáveis estatura e tempo de treinamento foram associadas à ocorrência dos agravos. As características das lesões dependeram do nível de competitividade dos nadadores...(AU)

Sports injuries and their risk factors in adolescents who practice swimming

INTRODUCTION: swimming is a popular sport among adolescents; however, your practice can lead to injuries. OBJECTIVES: to characterize the sport injuries and associate them with risk factors in teenage swimmers from different levels of competitiveness. METHODS: 251 swimmers were interviewed, it an average age of 12.43±2.10, both sexes, recruited randomly and they were classified into three competitive levels: initiation, development, and training category. It was used the morbidity survey adapted to the characteristics of swimming as collection instrument containing personal and training of volunteers data, as age, anthropometric variables and training variables and information relating to injuries sustained during a period of 12 months. All findings were described at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: It was verified that there is an association between the presence and absence of injury with the variable height and variable time. The causal mechanism most common was the non-contact mechanism for the categories of initiation and training. The most affected anatomical site was the lower limb and upper limb for all competitive levels. The mild severity, the training time and the absence of recurrence predominated. The asymptomatic return was more frequent for initiation, whereas the symptomatic return prevailed in the training category. CONCLUSION: the injury rate in teenage swimmers was low. The variables height and training time were associated with the occurrence of injuries. The characteristics of the injuries depended on the competitive level of the swimmers...

INTRODUÇÃO: a natação é uma modalidade popular entre os adolescentes, no entanto, sua prática pode conduzir às lesões. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar as lesões desportivas e associá-las com fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação de diferentes níveis de competitividade. MÉTODO: foram entrevistados 251 nadadores, com média de idade de 12,43±2,10 anos, ambos os sexos, recrutados ao acaso, classificadas em três níveis competitivos: categoria de iniciação, aperfeiçoamento e treinamento. Foi utilizado o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da natação como instrumento de coleta que continha informações pessoais e de treinamento dos voluntários, como: idade, variáveis antropométricas e variáveis de treinamento e informações referentes às lesões ocorridas durante 12 meses. Todas as conclusões foram descritas no nível de 5% de significância. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas 0,11 lesões por atleta e 1,03 lesões por atleta lesionado. Foi constatada associação entre presença e ausência de lesão com a variável estatura e tempo de treinamento. O mecanismo causal mais frequente foi o sem contato para as categorias de iniciação e treinamento. Os locais anatômicos mais acometidos foram os MMII e MMSS para todos os níveis de competitividade, assim como a gravidade leve, o treinamento e a ausência de recidiva predominaram. O retorno assintomático foi mais frequente para a iniciação, enquanto que o retorno sintomático prevaleceu na categoria de treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: a taxa de lesão nos adolescentes nadadores foi baixa. As variáveis estatura e tempo de treinamento foram associadas à ocorrência dos agravos. As características das lesões dependeram do nível de competitividade dos nadadores...

Characteristics and contributing factors related to sports injuries in young volleyball players.

BACKGROUND: The participation of young in volleyball is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the risk of installation of sports injuries. Therefore, the objectives the study were identify the characteristics of sports injuries in young volleyball players and associate anthropometric and training variables with contributing factors for injuries. METHODS: A total of 522 volleyball players participating in the High School Olympic Games of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were interviewed. A reported condition inquiry was used to gather information on injuries, such as anatomic site affected, mechanism and moment of injury, as well as personal and training data. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: A 19% frequency of injuries was found. Higher age, weight, height, body mass index and training duration values were associated with the occurrence of injuries. The most affected anatomic site was the ankle/foot complex (45 injuries, 36.3%). Direct contact and contactless mechanisms were the main causes of injuries (61 injuries; 49.2% and 48 injuries; 38.7%, respectively). Training was the moment in which most injuries occurred (93 injuries; 75%), independently of personal and training characteristics. CONCLUSION: Injuries affected the ankle/foot complex with a greater frequency. Direct contact and contactless mechanisms were the most frequently reported and injuries occurred mainly during training sessions. Personal and training characteristics were contributing factors for the occurrence of injuries.

Características das lesões desportivas e fatores associados com lesão em iniciantes de ginástica artística do sexo feminino / Characteristics of sports injuries and factors associated with injury in beginners of female artistic gymnastics / Características de las lesiones deportivas y factores asociados con lesión en iniciantes de gimnasia artística del sexo feminino

A ginástica artística é uma modalidade que combina arte a gestos biomecânicos e tem se destacado entre crianças e adolescentes. Sua prática pode conduzir a lesões desportivas, por isso é importante conhecer os fatores inerentes ao traumatismo para formulação de modelos preventivos. Desse modo, objetivou-se caracterizar as lesões desportivas e verificar os fatores associados com lesão em praticantes de ginástica artística de diferentes níveis de competitividade. Foram entrevistadas 46 ginastas, com média de idade de 10,1±2,0 anos do sexo feminino, classificadas em dois níveis competitivos: iniciação e treinamento. Utilizou-se o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da modalidade para reunir dados pessoais, de treinamento e da lesão. Foram observadas 0,3 lesões por atleta e 1,4 lesões por atleta lesionado, em que ginastas da categoria de treinamento apresentaram maior frequência de lesão (83,3%; n=10) do que as de iniciação (10,5%; n=4). Para ambos os níveis, o momento treinamento e a gravidade leve foram os mais relatados. No mecanismo, o sem contato foi mais prevalente na categoria de treinamento (90%; n=9) e o contato direto foi o mais frequente na iniciação (75%; n=3). As variáveis antropométricas e de treinamento foram consideradas fatores associados com lesão para as ginastas. Conclui-se que ginastas da categoria de treinamento possuem maior frequência de lesão. As variáveis antropométricas e de treinamento foram fatores associados com lesão. As características das lesões dependem do nível de competitividade das ginastas...

The artistic gymnastics is a modality that associates arts with biomechanical gestures, and it has been prominent among children and adolescents. Its practice can lead to sports injuries; therefore, it is important to know the factors inherent to trauma for the formulation of preventive models. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize sports injuries and to verify factors associated with injury in people practicing artistic gymnastics with different levels of competitiveness. Forty-six gymnasts were interviewed with mean age of 10.1±2.0 years for female participants, who were classified in two competitive levels, i.e, initiation and training. We used the morbidity questionnaire adapted to sports characteristics to collect personal, training, and injury data. It was observed that injury risk was 0.3 injuries per athlete and 1.4 injuries per injured athlete, in which the gymnasts of the training category showed a higher frequency of the injury (83.3%; n=10) compared with the ones in the initiation category (10.5%; n=4). For both levels of competitiveness, training moment and light severity were the most reported variables. In the mechanism, contactless was more prevalent in the training category (90%; n=9) and the direct contact was more common at initiation category (75%; n=3). Anthropometric and training variables were considered as factors associated with injury to the gymnasts. It is concluded that gymnasts of the training category have higher injury frequency. Anthropometric and training variables were factors associated with injury. Characteristics of the injuries depend on the competitiveness level of the ­gymnasts...

La gimnasia artística es una modalidad que combina arte y gestos biomecánicos, y es destacada entre niños y adolescentes. Su práctica puede conducir a lesiones deportivas, por eso es importante conocer los factores inherentes al traumatismo para la formulación de modelos preventivos. De ese modo, el objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar las lesiones deportivas y verificar los factores asociados con lesión en practicantes de gimnasia artística de diferentes niveles de competitividad. Fueron entrevistadas 46 gimnastas, con edad media de 10,1±2,0 años de sexo femenino, clasificadas en dos niveles competitivos: iniciación y entrenamiento. Se utilizó la encuesta de morbilidad adaptada a las características de este deporte para recabar datos personales, de entrenamiento y de lesión. Fueron observadas 0,3 lesiones por atleta y 1,4 lesiones por atleta lesionado, en que gimnastas de la categoría de entrenamiento presentaron mayor frecuencia de lesión (83,3%; n=10) comparadas con las de iniciación (10,5%, n=4). Para ambos niveles, el momento de entrenamiento y la gravedad leve fueron los más relatados. En cuanto al mecanismo, el sin contacto fue el más prevalente en la categoría de entrenamiento (90%; n=9) y de contacto directo fue el más frecuente en la iniciación (75%; n=3). Las variables antropométricas y de entrenamiento fueron consideradas factores asociados con lesión para las gimnastas. Se concluye que las gimnastas de la categoría de entrenamiento poseen mayor frecuencia de lesión. Las variables antropométricas y de entrenamiento fueron factores asociados con lesión. Las características de las lesiones dependen del nivel de competitividad de las gimnastas...

Investigation of risk factors and characteristics of dance injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for the occurrence of sport injuries in dancers related to anthropometric variables, training, and specific dance characteristics. DESIGN: One-year, retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: 26th Dance Festival of Joinville (Brazil), 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred dancers (409 women and 91 men) with a mean age of 18.26 ± 4.55 years. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Dancers participating in the 26th Dance Festival of Joinville (Brazil) were interviewed using the Reported Condition Inquiry, which was previously validated and modified for dance. This questionnaire contains questions addressing the anthropometric data of the volunteers and characteristics of injuries that occurred in the past 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The data were collected through interviews addressing the occurrence of injuries and respective characteristics. Injury was considered any pain or musculoskeletal condition resulting from training and competition sufficient to alter the normal training routine in terms of form, duration, intensity, or frequency. RESULTS: A total of 377 injuries (75.40%) of the interviewees reported injuries in the past 12 months. The most affected anatomic segments were the ankle/foot (92 injuries; 28.75%) and thigh/leg (88 injuries; 27.50%) in classical ballet, the thigh/leg (43 injuries; 27.92%) in jazz/contemporary dance, and the knee (22 injuries; 43.14%) in tap/folk dance. The most reported causal mechanisms were dynamic overload and excessive use. CONCLUSIONS: Age and body weight were associated with injury in jazz/contemporary dance. Height was associated with injury in classical ballet and tap/folk dance. Duration of practice was associated with injury in classical ballet and jazz/contemporary dance.

Lesões desportivas na natação / Sports injuries in swimming

O estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrência de lesões em nadadores, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta. Fizeram parte desse estudo 215 atletas, de ambos os sexos, participantes dos principais campeonatos promovidos pela Federação Aquática Paulista. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de Inquérito de Morbidade Referida, constituído por perguntas relacionadas ao atleta, modalidade e referentes ao tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão. A análise entre variáveis antropométricas e presença de lesão foi realizada pelo teste t de Student ou pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney. Para relação entre as especificidades e o tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão, utilizou-se o teste de Goodman. Resultados significantes foram obtidos entre os atletas lesionados com mais idade e anos de treinamento. Segundo o mecanismo da lesão, o volume dos treinos é a principal causa de ocorrências de lesões e as tendinopatias são as lesões mais comuns. O ombro é o local mais acometido pelas diferentes especialidades, com exceção dos nadadores de peito que referiram a virilha. Conclui-se a partir dos achados que a exposição dos nadadores a prática esportiva associada ao volume de treinamento estão relacionadas com as frequentes lesões nestes atletas.

The study aimed to analyze the occurrence of injuries in swimmers, linking them to specific risk factors of the sport and the athlete. The present study evaluated 215 athletes of both sexes participating in the major championships, sponsored by the Aquatic Federation of São Paulo. Data were collected through a Morbidity Survey, consisting of questions related to the athlete, modality, as well as injury type, mechanism and site. Analysis between anthropometric variables and injury presence was performed by Student's t test or nonparametric Mann Whitney test. Goodman test was used for determination of specific relationship between injury type and site. Significant results were obtained between the older injured athletes and years of training. According to the injury mechanism, the training volume is the main cause of injury and tendinopathy are the most common examples. The shoulder is the site most affected by the different specialties, except for the breaststroke swimmers who reported the groin. The findings here state that exposure of swimmers to sports practice associated with the training volume is related to the frequent injuries in these athletes.